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Oxygen not included wiki hydro switch1/22/2024 ![]() ![]() This is because warm or hot water may be included in the waste stream from domestic activities such as showering or from industrial processing. Wastewaters are generally warmer than the ambient temperature. The difference in mass equals the mass of solids which can be expressed in terms of milligrams of solid matter per litre of water, in units of mg l -1. The laboratory procedure is to weigh a filter paper, pour a measured volume of water through the paper, then dry it and weigh again. The solids content can be measured by filtering out and weighing the solids in a given volume of water. Suspended solids are small particles that remain in suspension in the water they do not dissolve in the wastewater but are carried along in it. Settleable solids sink to the bottom (settle out) when the speed of flow is reduced, for example, when the wastewater is stored in a tank. These may be settleable solids or suspended solids. Wastewaters may contain particles of solid material carried along in the flow. Another difference is that the flow rate can vary dramatically in some industries, for example, where production rates vary with the season, such as in the processing of certain food crops.Ĥ.2.1 Physical characteristics of liquid wastes The presence of hazardous materials is one way in which industrial wastewaters are often different from domestic wastewaters. We will consider some specific examples of industrial wastes in Section 4.3. Industrial wastewaters which contain hazardous substances must be treated, and the substances removed before the wastewater is discharged to the environment. The wastewaters from facilities that make food products will not be harmful to humans, but those from other industries may contain a variety of chemical compounds, some of which may be hazardous (and therefore potentially harmful). The type of industry determines the composition of the waste. In industrial areas liquid wastes are generated by processing or manufacturing industries and service industries, such as car repair shops. (Sewage treatment is described in Study Session 6.)Ĥ.1.3 Liquid wastes from industrial areas It may be possible to reuse the treated water, typically for irrigation. ![]() ( Effluent is another term for wastewater that flows out from a source.) At the treatment works, the sewage is cleaned by various physical and biological processes before being discharged into a river or lake. In many towns and cities in the world, sewage is collected in underground sewers that carry the effluents to a sewage treatment works (Figure 4.1). The term sewage is used to describe a combination of all these types of liquid waste, frequently also with surface run-off. Sullage is another name for greywater.īlackwater and greywater are produced from domestic dwellings with access to a piped water supply and also from business premises and the various institutions, such as schools and health centres, found in residential areas. ![]() Greywater is wastewater from activities such as washing and food preparation and does not contain excreta. What is the difference between blackwater, greywater and sullage?īlackwater is wastewater that contains human excreta (faeces and/or urine). The session ends with some specific examples of liquid wastes from industry. We also briefly describe some of the laboratory tests used to analyse liquid waste. In this study session you will learn about the main sources of liquid wastes and about different ways of characterising them. We need accurate information on the characteristics of liquid wastes in order to establish proper waste management processes to deal with them. In urban areas, the main sources are households, commercial establishments and industries. The type and composition of liquid waste depends on the source. In Study Session 6 you will learn about the management and treatment of liquid wastes. Study Session 5 focuses on the different types of latrine available for urban areas in Ethiopia. We begin with a closer look at the sources and characteristics of liquid wastes. This study session is the first of three that builds on that introduction and describes liquid wastes in more detail. You were introduced to the main types of liquid waste in Study Session 1. Study Session 4 Liquid Wastes: Sources, Types and Characteristics Introduction ![]()
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